Appendix 3
Notes and Bibliography
Development of the Study
The study was guided by a Steering Committee of industry members (members of the Press Council) and journalism academics from four Australian universities. Industry survey organisations, particularly Roy Morgan Research, allowed us to use their data freely. Other data, such as the unique News Content Analysis, was generated and written up by academic members of the team.
Persons responsible for researching and/ or drafting various chapters were;
Trends Ken McKinnon
Audience Ken McKinnon and Inez Ryan
Content analysis Margaret Van Heekeren & Lindsay Simpson
Credibility Jack Herman
Economics Alan Deans
New Media
—Online Margaret Van Heekeren & Sam North
—Blogging Lindsay Simpson
Education & Training of Journalists
—Journalism education Sharon Hill & Stephen Tanner
—Journalism training Sharon Hill & Stephen Tanner
Press Freedom Jack Herman
Margaret Van Heekeren (CS University) and Lindsay Simpson (JC University), with the assistance of colleagues and students from Charles Sturt University, developed and conducted the original research on news content analysis reported in Chapter 3.
Drafts of the document were subjected to subbing and detailed editorial scrutiny by members of the Steering Committee and the Policy Development Committee of the Council.
Before being finalised the various trends and conclusions were discussed with editors and industry figures to ensure they had been tested adequately.
Editing was the responsibility of Ken McKinnon.
The Council is very grateful for the unpaid work of industry and academic colleagues and partners, especially for the enhanced access to industry information that their availability ensured.
The Press Council approved publication of the final document.
Ch.3 Circulation and Readership
Newspapers closed, commenced and amalgamated
| New | The Independent Weekly (Adelaide) (2004-) |
| Mx (Melbourne)(2001-) | |
| Mx (Sydney)(2005-) | |
| Titles ceased publication | Truth (Melbourne) (1974-1993) |
| News (Adelaide)(1923-1992) | |
| News (Perth)(1882-1990) | |
| Sun (Sydney) (1910-1988) | |
| Telegraph (Brisbane)(1955-1988) | |
| The National Times (1971-1986) | |
| Amalgamations | Sydney's Daily Mirror and Daily Telegraph, between 1990 and 1996 published as the Daily Telegraph Mirror, from 1996 published as the Daily Telegraph. Melbourne's Sun News-Pictorial and Melbourne Herald, published since 1990 as the Herald-Sun. |
List of magazines used in circulation figures:
- Australian Woman's Weekly,
- Woman's Day,
- New Idea,
- Reader's Digest,
- That's Life,
- TV Week,
- Better Homes and Gardens,
- Family Circle,
- Cleo,
- Who,
- Cosmopolitan,
- NW,
- Dolly,
- Picture,
- Time,
- Girlfriend,
- Marie Claire,
- Australian Home & Garden,
- Bulletin,
- BRW and
- Australian Good Taste
Ch.6 Economics
Ownership
Regional dailies
- News Limited has three regional daily newspapers in Queensland ( Cairns Post, circ.~ 31,000, The Gold Coast Bulletin, ~ 47,000, and Townsville Bulletin, ~ 30,000) and one in Victoria ( Geelong Advertiser, ~ 30,000).
- Fairfax Media, which has recently acquired the Albury Border Mail, also owns The Herald, circ.~ 53,000,and the Illawarra Mercury, ~ 30,000, and one Victorian regional daily, The Warrnambool Standard circ.~ 13,000.
- Rural Press owns nine regional dailies, News Mail, Bundaberg; The Observer, Gladstone; The Gympie Times, Gympie; The Queensland Times, Ipswich; The Daily Mercury, Mackay; The Sunshine Coast Daily, Maroochydore; The Fraser Coast Chronicle, Maryborough; The Morning Bulletin, Rockhampton; and Daily News, Warwick.
Ownership Suburban/ community newspapers
- There are over 200 Suburban/ community newspapers, most weekly and delivered free to every household in their circulation area.
- News Limited (in six capitals) and Fairfax (in Sydney and Melbourne) are the dominant owners.
- West Australian Newspapers has a half interest, jointly with News, in most of the Perth suburban newspapers.
- Independent publishers with sizeable holdings in this sector include FPC Courier Newspapers in Sydney, and Independent Newspapers and South East newspapers in Melbourne.
- Rural Press publishes the community newspapers in the ACT.
Ownership Magazines
- There are over 1500 magazines published in Australia of which about 600 are categorised as trade or specialty magazines.
- The major influence in magazine circulation is ACP Magazines, owned by Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL), owners of the Nine television network. An earlier incarnation of this company divested itself of newspaper titles in the 1980s.
- The Seven television network owns the second-largest magazine chain, Pacific Magazines.
- Other significant owners in the magazine sector are Fairfax, APN News and Media (both largely in the business magazine), the Federal Publishing Co., and Emap Australia.
Ownership Ethnic newspapers
- There is a growing number of titles and expanding circulation of ethnic community newspapers and magazines, most in languages other than English.
- Total titles exceed a hundred publications in about 50 different languages
- There are nine daily newspapers, four in Chinese languages and one each in Greek, Italian, Korean, Serbian and Vietnamese.
- The Vietnamese daily has a circulation of 98,000, making it one of the larger newspapers circulating in Australia.
Ownership Community newspapers
- The availability of desktop publishing tools, printers and photocopiers has led to a large number of genuinely community newspapers, many published by cooperatives of interested locals for local consumption.
- Many such publications exist in the suburbs and in a number of provincial communities and some have such large circulations that they have become regarded as mainstream and compete with the mainstream press for advertising.
Ownership Religious Press Association
- The Australasian Religious Press Association lists over 150 titles, a small number of newspapers and a large number of magazines, published by the Christian churches.
- There are weekly newspapers with large circulations in the Jewish and Islamic communities and smaller publications produced by other minority religions.
Street press
- The "street press" print a number of weekly newspapers, mainly dealing with music, and mostly made available free of charge at music venues and cafes.
Ch. 8 Journalism Education and Training
- Bond University
- Central Queensland University
- Charles Sturt University
- Curtin University of Technology
- Edith Cowan University
- Deakin University
- Griffith University
- James Cook University
- LaTrobe University
- Monash University
- Macquarie University
- Murdoch University
- RMIT University
- Southern Cross University
- University of Ballarat
- University of Canberra
- University of Newcastle
- University of Queensland
- University of South Australia
- University of Southern Queensland
- University of Sydney
- University of Tasmania
- University of Technology—Sydney
- University of the Sunshine Coast
- University of Wollongong
Source: Adapted from Belinda Weaver's online site: http://www.journoz.com/journ.html
Outside of the tertiary sector, related programs are taught at the Australian Film, Television and Radio School, with a small number of privately owned colleges offering certificates or diplomas. Some of these programs offer students the opportunity to articulate into a degree program offered by one of the universities. These include:
- Australian College of Journalism
- J-School—Journalism Education and Training
- Macleay College
'Non-journalism" subjects can include, for example:
- Cultural Studies
- International Relations
- Politics
- Advertising
- Indigenous Studies
- Public Relations
- Mass Communication
- Economics
- Communication Skills
- Law
Bibliography
News content analysis
- (http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2005/_)
- (http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2005/narrative_newspapers_contentanalysis.asp)
- Zawawi, Clara (1994), "Sources of news—who feeds the watchdogs", in AJR 16:1, 1994.
- MacLachlan G. & Reid I. Framing & Interpretation (1994) University College London Press<
Economics
- Australian Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2005-2009.
- Finding the Sweet Spot in Online Search, July, 2006.
On-line
- APN News and Media (Ltd) Full year results presentation, 23 February, 2006
- John Fairfax Holdings Limited 2005 Annual Report
- Rural Press Half Yearly Report, 9 February, 2006
- West Australian Newspaper Holdings Half year results, 2 February, 2006
- The Age
- Online news keeps readers, 11 November 2005
- Online to the future, 28 January 2005
- The Australian
- Future clicks for media group, 7 March 2006
- The way the web was won, 15 July 2004
- The Australian Financial Review Building online beats buying for APN, 27 February 2006
- Web ads on line to beat magazines, radio, 22 February 2006
- Sun shining on regional newspapers, 7 March 2005
- Australian Interactive Media Industry Association
- Online advertising grows 60 per cent to $620 million with no sign of slowing, 21 February 2006 (Source: http://www.aimia.com.au/i-cms?page=1839)
- B & T Weekly
- Online ready to take top spot for ad revenue, 27 January 2006
- Advertisers wake up to online potential, 9 September 2005
- Fairfax Digital game for new online moves, 26 August 2005
- Daily Telegraph
- Our business News is now online, 23 June 2005
- News.com.au gets a brilliant new look, 24 January 2005
- Sydney Morning Herald
- Internet dominated by same old gang, 10 August 2005
- Online revenues still lagging traffic, 26 May 2005
Blogging
- The Guardian, 17.11.05 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1644298,00.html#article_
- Rebecca Blood, The Weblog Handbook: Practical Advice on Creating and Maintaining Your Blog, Perseus, 2002 www.rebeccablood.net,
- (Media Technology Society Executive Summary, The Media Centre at The American Press Institute, May 2006.
- Hutcheon L. (1992) A Poetics of Postmodernism History, theory, fiction, New York, Routledge
Journalism education & training
- Alysen, B. From classroom to newsroom: Journalism graduates in the marketplace, unpublished paper, JEA annual conference, Yeppoon, Qld, 1998.
- Green, K and S., McIlwaine, Where do all the graduates go? Australian Journalism Review, 21(2), 1999, pp 134-41
- Oakham, M. Generation X: Boldly going where all have gone before Ð a profile of novice journalists in the 1990s, JEA conference paper, Yeppoon, Qld, 1998.
- O'Donnell, P. Journalism students and intergenerational change in journalism, AJR, 28(1), 2006, pp 23-42
- O'Donnell, P. The other 66 percent: Rethinking the labour market for journalism graduates . JEA conference paper, Yeppoon, Qld, 1998
- Surma, A. Public and Professional Writing: Ethics, Imagination and Rhetoric. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire, UK, 2005